Historical Sources

HISTORY AND HISTORICAL SOURCES OF THE BULSA (NORTHERN GHANA)

PREFACE

Note: A consisten formatting has not been completed

It is somewhat unusual to produce two volumes on “Bulsa History and Historical Sources” consisting of quotations, copies and scans.It is intended not so much as a new publication, but as an unprinted reference work. Therefore, and also because of the big number of texts,it was not possible to contact all the authors for permission to quote their works.

The following groups were envisaged as the expected readership:

1) scholars, especially historians and ethnologists specializing in the Bulsa,

2) educated Bulsa and neighbouring groups.

Frequent visits and extensive comments on historical posts in Bulsa social media groups reveal that most of the educated Bulsa are extremely interested in the history of their own ethnic group. However, their access to essays and books that have not been uploaded on the internet is very limited, so the two volumes presented here may fill a gap.

In line with the somewhat unusual edition of the texts, a few comments regarding form and content are appropriate here.

a) Form: With regard to the external form of the texts, for example in the spelling of Buli words, the form of quotations, headings, footnotes and so on, it was not possible to achieve consistency. Since the final page count for the entire volume was not determined until later, other types of structure were considered. I decided to use the alphabetical bibliography as the table of contents, too. For users looking for literature on a specific topic or era, an index-like list was added.

b) Contents: The terms “history”and”historical”were used here in a very wide sense. Economic development, social changes, the history of the Christian Churches etc., have been included.

Some excerpts refer to important events of Bulsa history, some appear to be a little trivial (eg. in the article “Events”) and are more suited to give colour to other sober, matter-of-fact texts. The collection concentrates on published and unpublished secondary historical sources. In Ghana primary sources can mainly be found in the National Archives of Ghana (NAG) in Accra, in Britain in the National Archives of the U.K. (Kew, Greater London) . Part of them I have edited on the website https://Buluk.de/new (>Bulsa History >Archives) .

For some articles it will perhaps be necessary for the reader to obtain the complete original sources for his scholarly researches to better understand the context.

The selection of texts is somewhat arbitrary. It is limited by the editor’s accessibility to available texts. Many Bulsa regret that there are a lot of manuscripts that have not yet been published, for example exam papers, rough drafts of articles and so on.

I hope that the collection of sources offered here will be frequently used for works on Bulsa history and will help acquiring a deeper understanding of Bulsa history and culture.

Lippstadt 2025

Franz Kröger

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abaala, Michael

2005 The Wiaga Clinic and its History, Buluk 4, p.49-50 p.27.

Abandanloora, Lucas (Most. Rev.) and Joe Gilleece

2006 One Hundred Years of Grace in the Tamale Ecclesiastical Province 1908-2006; p.31.

Abu Malam: see Pilaszewicz

Akanko, Peter Paul A.

1988 Oral traditions of Builsa.Origin and early History of the Atuga Clan in the Builsa State (1700-1900), Rosengarden, Denmark; p.33 .

Akankyalabey, Melanie (editor, Sub Committee Chairperson).

[Year?] The Catholic Mission of Wiaga] Title Page missing; 47.

Akankyalabey, Pauline F.

1984 A History ofthe Builsa People, Department of History, University of Ghana, Legon. [B.A. examination paper, 76 pages; data from publications and personal interviews]; p.53.

2005 Geschichte der Bulsa /History of the Bulsa.In: Miriam Grabenheinrich and Sabine Klocke-Daffa(eds.): 15 Frauen und 8 Ahnen.Leben und Glauben der Bulsa in Nordghana.p.29-37, Münster; p.231.

Akapata, Isaac (Fr.)

2009 Biuk-A Village with Bulsa Traditions Buluk Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 5, p. 34-41; p. 251.

Akumasi, Yaw Williams and Franz Kröger

2017 Street Names in Fumbisi. Buluk Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 12, p. 61, p. 267.

Alhassan, Ahmed Bako

1991 Babatu in Dagbon. (unpublished typescript, 20 pp.); p.269 .

Angabe, Linus

2013 Our Forgotten Heroine: Lydia Azuelie Akanbodiipo. Buluk Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. no 7, p. 67-68; p .271

Anquandah, James

1998 Koma-Bulsa. Its Art and Archaeology. Rome: Istituto Italiano per I’Africa e Ioriente; p. 275.

Apen, Mathias

2025 The Origin and History: The Feok Festival of the People of Buluk; p. 279.

Asekabta, Robert

2017 Enskinment of the Chuchuliganab in Sandema. Buluk – Journal of Bulsa Culture and History. No. 10: 28-29; p. 291.

Asianab Afoko, Francis

1970 The Ayietas. [67 pages typescript; history of the Sandema Chiefs family; one copy in possession of R. Schott]; p. 295.

Asueme/Asuemi, Gilbert Akangutiba

[year?] Life-Story p. 349.

Atemboa, George

1998 The impact of slave trade on the Builsa. In: Allison Howell (ed.): The Slave Trade and Reconciliation: A Northern Ghanaian Perspective. Navrongo and Accra: Bible Church of Africa, SIM Ghana, p. 357.

Awedoba, Albert K.

2009 An Ethnographic Study of Northern Ghanaian Conflicts: Towards a Sustainable Peace. Key aspects of past, present and impending conflicts in Northern Ghana and the mechanisms for their address. Legon (Accra): Sub-Saharan Publishers.

[p. 113-118: The Chuchuliga Chieftaincy Affairp. 118-121: the Sandema Chieftaincy Affair] p. 369,

Ayaric, Ghanatta

2012 Chieftaincy in Gbedema. Tong-naab and Zutok-muning-naab. Buluk 6, p. 59-63 p. 379.

2013 Eric Akanpaanab Ayaric Recalls his School Days in the 1930s and 1940s. Taken from an Audio Recorded Account by Akanpaanab in 2000. Buluk 7, p.45-54, p.389.

2013 Our First Formal Schools. Buluk 7, p.55-66 p.409.

2025 Three Educated Bulsa Generations. Buluk 15, p.433.

Azantinlow Ayieta, Sir (late Paramount Chief)

1988 Bulsa Tengka Korumu / The History of the Bulsa Country. Recorded and Translated by Rüdiger Schott, Münster, p.467.

Bening, R. Bagulo

1971 The Development of Education in Northern Ghana 1908-57, Ghana Social Science Journal, 1, 21-42 p.557.

1973 The Regional Boundaries of Ghana 1874-1972, Research Review, vol. 9,1 p.559.

1990 History of Education in Northern Ghana 1907-1976. Ghana Universities Press Accra, p. p. 561.

Berinyuu, Abraham A.

1997 History of the Presbyterian Church in Northern Ghana. Accra: Asempa Publishers, Christian Council of Ghana, (p.108-154: Sandema District, by Rev. Colin F. Paton, Rev. Robert & Mrs Louise Duncan and Alan Byers) p.563.

Blair, Harold Arthur

[1936-37] A Trek in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast; manuscript in the Rhodes-House Library, Oxford. [23 pages, Blair’s visit to Sandema on January 8th, 1937, notes on the “Zaberimi”raids and on Bulsa archery], p.571.

Bukari, Kaderi Noagah

A concomitant of Conflict and Consensus: Case of a Chieftaincy Succession in Ghana. Peace and Conflict Studies, vol 23, no 1, article 5:1-26 [the Bulsa chieftaincy election system: a model for other Ghanaian states?] p.575.

Cardinall, A.W.

1920 The Natives of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast. Their Customs, Religion and Folklore, London. [many scattered notes on the ethnography of the Bulsa, p. 116: a short word list of animal names in Buli] p. 583.

Clarke, John

1972 Specimens of Dialects 1848-1849. Short Vocabularies of Languages and Notes of Countries and Customs of Africa, Berwick-upon-Tweed. [first written source about Buli words?], p.589

Davies, Oliver

1970 Ghana Field Notes, Part 2: Northern Ghana, Department of Archaeology, Legon [scattered notes on prehistoric finds in Chuchuliga, Fumbisi, Sandema, Wiaga and Wiesi] p.591.

Delafosse, Maurice

1912 Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Soudan Français), 2 vols. Paris [vol. I, p.130: “Tiansé [Kian]” and “Boulsé [Boua]” p.155: population statistics on the “Boua” vol. I, p. 421: battle of Lt. Chanoine with Babatu at “Gandiaga”[Kanjaga]on 14 March, 1897] p. 593.

Der, Benedict

2001 Christian Missions and the Expansion of Western Education in Northern Ghana. In: Yakubu Saaka (ed.): Regionalism and Public Policy in Northern Ghana. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag; p.595

Duperray, Anne-Marie

1984 Les Gourounsi de Haute-Volta, conquête et colonisation 1896-1933, Stuttgart 1984.

[English translation by F. Kröger], p.597.

Events [Various authors and editors]

Copies from Buluk 1 (1999) – Buluk 15 (2025), p.625.

Holden, J.J.

1965 The Zabarima Conquest of Northwest Ghana, Part I, Transactions oft he Historical Society of Ghana, 8, 60-86. [Bulsa mentioned frequently; based partly on unpublished field-notes of inquiries in 1964, one of his informants was Rev. James Agalic] p.707.

Howell, Allison M.

1997 The Religious Itinerary of a Ghanaian People. Frankfurt a.M., Berlin, Bern, New York, Paris, Wien: Peter Lang Verlag [Kasena, some references to Bulsa] p.713.

Hughes, Mark H.

1948 Vare. A Study in Rural Decay; Manuscript in the Rhodes-House Library, Oxford [describes the situation of the Bulsa village of Vare, now distinct] p.725.

Koelle, Sigismund Wilhelm

1854 Polyglotta Africana, London (reprint Graz 1963). [Buli-wordlist, interviews with former Bulsa slaves] p.727 .

Köhler, Oswin

1958 Die Territorialgeschichte des östlichen Nigerbogens, Baessler Archiv, Neue Folge, Vol. 6, p. 220-261, Graz, Austria p.729.

Kröger, Franz

1982 Ancestor Worship among the Bulsa of Northern Ghana. Kulturanthropologische Studien, ed. R. Schott und G. Wiegelmann, vol 9, Klaus Renner Verlag, Hohenschäftlarn bei München; p.733

2001 Die historische, wirtschaftliche, soziale und religiose Position der [Bulsa] Schmiede, in: Materielle Kultur und traditionelles Handwerk bei den Bulsa (Nordghana). Forschungen zu Sprachen und Kulturen Afrikas (ed. R. Schott), 2 vol., Lit-Verlag, Münster and Hamburg, p.399- 402p.735: English translation; p.737.

2001 Examples from the History of Clan Sections and Compounds, in: Materielle Kulrur und traditionelles Handwerk bei den Bulsa (Nordghana). Forschungen zu Sprachen und Kulturen Afrikas (ed. R. Schott), 2 vol., Lit-Verlag, Münster and Hamburg, p.132 (Yongsa), 138 (Badomsa), 795-799 and 823 (Anyenangdu Yeri), p.739, p.739.

2003 The First Europeans in the Bulsa Area. Buluk 3, p.29-32 p.755,

2003 The Bulsa in the Population Census 2000. Buluk 3, p.13 p.765.

2003 Ethnographic Exploration of Northern Ghana, Introduction to: Franz Kröger and Barbara Meier: Ghana’s North. Research on Culture, Religion and Politics of Societies in Transition. Peter Lang Verlag, p.3-10, bibliography:p.327-337 p.769.

2005 The First Map of Bulsa Villages. Buluk 4, p.23, p .785.

2005 Christian Churches and Communities in the Bulsa District. Buluk 4, p.43; p.787.

2005 The Beginnings of Christian Missions among the Bulsa and the History of the Catholic Parish, Buluk 4, p.44-48, p.789.

2005 The Early History of the Presbyterian Mission of Sandema, Buluk 4, p.51-52, p.801.

2005 The Restoration Power Chapel Buluk 4, p.53-54, p.805.

2005 A Visit to a Meeting of Akawuruk and her Adherents Buluk 4, p.54-56, p.809.

2005 Islam in Northern Ghana and among the Bulsa. Buluk 4, p.58-59 p.813.

The Muslim Communities of Sandema, Buluk 4, p. 815.

The Muslim Communities of Wiaga, Buluk 4, p.61, p.817.

2008 Raids and Refuge: The Bulsa in Babatu’s Slave Wars. Research Review, N.S., vol. 24, 2, Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, p.25-38; p.819.

2009 Social and Cultural Change from A to Z. Buluk, Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 5, p.22-31, p.843.

2012 Swearing in of the Bulsa Chiefs in 1973. Buluk, Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 6: p.43-44, p.863.

2012 The Administration of Bulsa Chiefdoms. Buluk, Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 6, p.45-46, p.867.

2012 Extracts from Bulsa History: Sandema Chiefs before Azantilow. Buluk-Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society.No 6, p.47-50, p.871.

2012 Kunkwa, Kategra and Jadema: The Sandemnaab’s Lawsuit. Buluk – Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 6, p.51-58, p.881.

2012 Bulsa Chiefs; Buluk-Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 6, p.64-78p.897.

2013 Remarks on the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census. Buluk -Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 7, p.17, p.929.

2013 Who was this Atuga? Facts and Theories on the Origin of the Bulsa. Buluk – Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 7, p.69-88, p. 931.

2013 Colonial Officers and Bulsa Chiefs (with special consideration of elections). Buluk – Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 7, p.89-100; p.971.

2013 Two Early Plays on Bulsa History. Buluk-Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 7, p. 106-108; p.1001.

2013 Means of Transport in History and Today (Northern Territories, Ghana). Buluk- Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 7, p.109-113, p.1004.

2015 BMY [Bulubisa Meina Yeri], Description and Analysis of a Bulsa Facebook Group.y. No.8, p.52-62, p.1013. Buluk- Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society.

2015 Extracts from the Diary of Sir Shenton Thomas, Governor of the Gold Coast . Buluk-Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 8, p.90-91; p.1035.

2015 History of Bulsa Journals. Buluk- Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No.8, p.104-106, p.1039

2016 Sandema Street Names. Buluk -Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 9, p.30-31, p.1045.

2016 Old Oval Grooves and Cylindrical Hollows in Granite Outcrops. Buluk-Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society. No 9, p.69, p.2049.

2017 Southern and Northern Bulsa. Co-operation and Competition. Buluk 10, p.30-35, p.2051.

2018 Bulsa Cultural Heritage and the Possibilities of Tourism.Buluk 11, p.41-57, p.1065.

2020 Roman Provinces and British Colonies- Living Between Two Cultures. Buluk-Journal of Bulsa Culture and Society, No 13: 82-86, p.1097.

2022 Die Bulsa Bildungselite als ethnologisches Forschungsobjekt. Diskussionen in einer Bulsa Facebook Gruppe. In: R. Hardenberg, Josephus Platenkamp, Thomas Widlok (Hrsg.): Ethnologie als angewandte Wissenschaft. Das Zusammenspiel von Theorie und Praxis. Berlin: Reimer Verlag, p.131-155. Translated by F. Kröger: The Bulsa Educational Elite as an Object of Ethnological Research. Discussions in a Bulsa Facebook Group. [Cf. also(https://buluk.de/new) >Publications by F Kröger] p.1107.

2025 The Bulsa and Their Political Units, Buluk 15 (https://buluk.de/new p. 113.

2025 Teaching at a Sandema Continuation Boarding School (1973 and 1974), Buluk 15 p.1127.

2025 Fiok/Feok and Similar Bulsa Festivals, Buluk 15 [2025 in preparation], p.1139.

Morris, A.

1902 Report on the late expedition into the Tiansi country. Gambaga, April 26th, 1902, Enclosure in a letter of Governor Major Nathan to Mr. Chamberlain (Accra, May 31st, 1902), Public Record Office, London, Co 879, 78, 05939, no. 25352 (Enclosure: no. G/105/N.T./02) [Lieutenant-Colonel A. Morris’s punitive expedition to Sandema] p.1157.

Ollivant (District Commissioner of Navrongo), also S.J. Olivier or Olivant

1933 A short history of the Buli, Nankani and Kassene speaking people in the Navrongo area of the Mamprusi District (unpublished manuscript), p.1171.

Packham, E.S.

1950 Notes on the Development of the Native Authorities in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, Journal of African Administration, II, 2, 26-30 [text refers also to the administration of the Bulsa area, though the Bulsa are mentioned only once], p.1185.

Parsons, St. John D.

1958 Legends of Northern Ghana. London: Longmans [p.38-40 chapter on “Atuga, the Founder of the Builsa; “textbook for schools] p.1187.

Perrault, P. (Fr.)

1954 History of the Tribes of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, St. John Bosco’s Press, Navrongo [typescript, 100 pages, one short chapter about the “Builsa”], p.1191.

Pilaszewicz, Stanislaw (ed.)

1992 The Zabarma conquest of north-west Ghana and Upper Volta. A Hausa narrative “Histories of Samory and Babatu and others”by Mallam Abu. Warszawa [p.83-84:“…war with the Kanjaga country…”] p.1195.

Rattray, R.S.

1932 The Tribes of the Ashanti Hinterland, 2 vols., Oxford [vol.I, chapters I-IV on languages, among them “Bulea”extensive word-list; on p.64-111, vol. I, chapter XLII on “The Builsa”, p. 398-403 ]p.1203.

Rodriques, Nina

1935 Os Africanos no Brasil, 2a edicao, Sao PauloPublisher Centro Edelstein 2010; https://doi.org/10.7476/9788579820106 [p.217-221 Buli word-list, cf. also Zwernemann 1968], p. 1219.

Schott, Rüdiger

1977 Sources for a History of the Bulsa in Northern Ghana. Paideuma 23, p.141-168, p.1223.

1978 Mission und Entwicklung in Afrika – dargestellt am Beispiel der Bulsa in Nord-Ghana. In: Weltmission in der Weltkrise, Vortragsreihe zum Monat der Weltmission in Münster, Oktober 1967, St. Augustin, p.63-80, p.1233.

2000 Schriftlose Geschichte in akephalen Gesellschaften der westafrikanischen Savanne. In: Saeculum. vol. 51, p.175-190, p.1235.

Various Authors (Flyer)

2012 Biography of the Late Nab Dr. Ayieta Azantilow, Sandem-Nab and Paramount Chief of the Builsa State [also printed in Buluk 6, 2012, p.26-28 p.1243.

Williamson, Thora

2000 Chronicles of Political Officers in West Africa, 1900-1919, edited by Anthony Kirk-Greene, London and New York, p.1253.

Zwernemann, Jürgen

1968b Ein “Gurunsi”-Vokabular aus Bahia: Ein Beitrag zur Afro-Amerikanistik, Tribus, 17, p.147-156

[word-list given by a Bulsa woman-slave in Brazil, published by N. Rodriques 1935 . J. Zwernemann compares the vocabulary of this Bulsa woman with the word-lists in Koelle, Rattray and Westermann] p.1357-1359.

OUTLINE OF PERIODS AND SUBJECTS

(The titles have been shortened in the following list)

1. General Bulsa History

Akankyalabey, Pauline 1984: A History ofthe Builsa People (Legon)

Akankyalabey, Pauline 2005: Geschichte der Bulsa /History of the Bulsa

Azantilow Ayieta, 1988: The History of the Bulsa Country

Cardinall, A.W.1920: The Natives of the Northern Territories

Kröger, 2009: Social and Cultural Change from A to Z.

Schott, Rüdiger, 1977: Sources for a History of the Bulsa

2. Early Bulsa History

Akanko, Peter Paul A. 1988: Oral Traditions of Builsa 1700-1900.

Anquandah, James 1998: Koma-Bulsa. Its Art and Archaeology

Azantilow Ayieta, 1988:The History of the Bulsa Country

Davies, Oliver, 1970: Ghana Field Notes, Northern Ghana, Dept. of Archacology

Köhler, Oswin: Die Territorialgeschichte des ostlichen Nigerbogens

Kröger 1982: Ancestor Worship among the Bulsa

Kroger 2003: The First Europeans in the Bulsa Area

Kröger 2003: Ethnographic Exploration of Northern Ghana

Kröger 2016: Old Oval Grooves and Cylindrical Hollows in Granite Outcrops

Kröger 2005: The First Map of Bulsa Villages

Kroger 2013: Means of Transport in History and Today

Kröger 2020: Roman Provinces and British Colonies

Kroger 2013: Who was this Atuga? The Origin of the Bulsa.

Kröger 2013: Two Early Plays on Bulsa History (by R.Asekabta and L.Amoak)

Morris, A. 1902: Report on the Late Expedition into the Tiansi Country

Ollivant 1933: A Short History of the Buli, Nankani and Kassene Speaking people

Parsons, D.1958: Legends of Northern Ghana

Perrault, P.1954: History of the Tribes of the Northern Territories

Schott, 1977: Sources for a History of the Bulsa (Paideuma)

Schott, 2000: Schriftlose Geschichte in akephalen Gesellschaften

3. The Zambarima Slave Wars

Abu Malam: see Pilaszewicz

Alhassan, Ahmed Bako 1991: Babatu

Atemboa, George 1998: The Impact of Slave Trade on the Builsa. In: Allison Howell

Blair, Harold Arthur [1936-37]: A Trek in the Northern Territories

Delafosse, M. 1912: Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Soudan Francais)

Duperray:1984: Les Gourounsi [battle of Kanjaga]

Holden: 1965: Zambarima Conquest

Kröger 2008: Raids and Refuge: The Bulsa in Babatu’s Slave Wars

Pilaszewicz 1992: The Zabarma Conquest of North-West Ghana (Abu Malam)

4. The very Modern Time

Apen, 2025: Origin and History: The Feok Festival of the People of Buluk

Ayaric, Ghanatta 2025: Three Educated Bulsa Generations, Buluk 25.

Kröger 2015: BMY, Description and Analysis of a Bulsa Facebook Group

Kröger 2018: Bulsa Cultural Heritage and the Possibilities of Tourism.

Kröger 2025: Fiok/Feok and Similar Bulsa Festivals, Buluk 15

Various Editors: Events 1999 (Buluk 1) -2025 (Buluk 15)

5. Chieftaincy

Asekabta, Robert 2017: Enskinment of the Chuchuliganab in Sandema.

Asianab Afoko, Francis 1970: The Ayietas

Awedoba 2009: Northern Ghanaian Conflicts, The Chuchuliga Chieftaincy Affair

Ayaric, Ghanatta 2012: Chieftaincy in Gbedema

Bukari, K.Noagah:…Chieftaincy Succession…[the Bulsa chieftaincy election]

Kröger 2012:…Sandema Chiefs Before Azantilow.

Kroger 2012: Kunkwa, Kategra and Jadema:The Sandemnaab’s Lawsuit.

Kröger 2012: Swearing in of the Bulsa Chiefs in 1973

Kröger 2012: The Administration of Bulsa Chiefdoms

Kröger 2012: Bulsa Chiefs and Chiefdoms

Kröger 2013: Colonial Officers and Bulsa Chiefs (with consideration of elections).

Various Authors (Flyer) 2022: Biography of the Late Nab Dr.Ayieta Azantilow

6. Administration, Political Units, Census

Angabe, Linus 2013: Our Forgotten Heroine: Lydia Azuelie Akanbodiipo

Bening 1973: The Regional Boundaries of Ghana 1874-1972

Kröger 2003: The Bulsa in the…Population Census 2000, Buluk 3

Kröger 2013:…the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census, Buluk 7

Kröger 2025: The Bulsa and Their Political Units

Packham, E.S. 1950: Notes on the Development of the Native Authorities in the N.T.

Williamson, Thora 2000: Chronicles of Political Officers, 1900-1919

7. Education and Schools

Ayaric, Ghanatta 2025: Three Educated Bulsa Generations, Buluk 25.

Ayaric, Ghanatta 2013: Our First Formal Schools.Buluk 7

Ayaric, Ghanatta 2013: Eric Akanpaanab Recalls his School Days in the 1930s and 1940s

Bening, R.B:1990: A History of Education in Northern Ghana 1907-1976

Kröger 2022: Die Bulsa Bildungselite als ethnologisches Forschungsobjekt

Kröger 2025: Teaching at Sandema Continuation Boarding School (1973 and 1974)

Asueme/Asuemi, Gilbert A. [year?] Life-Story [as a student and teacher]

8. History of the Christian Churches and Islam

Abaala, Michael 2005: The Wiaga Clinic and its History

Abadanloora, L. 2006: One Hundred Years Tamale Ecclesiastical Province 1908-2006

Akankyalabey, Melanie [The Catholic Mission of Wiaga] Title Page missing

Berinyuu, Abraham 1997: History of the Presbyterian Church (N.Ghana). Der, Benedict 2001: Christian Missions (Northern Ghana)

Howell, A.M. 1997: The Religious Itinerary of a Ghanaian

Kröger 2005: Christian Churches and Communities in the Bulsa District

Kröger 2005: Islam in Northern Ghana and among the Bulsa

Kröger 2005: …Christian Missions… and the History of the Catholic Parish

Kröger 2005: Early History of the Presbyterian Mission of Sandema

Kröger 2005: Restoration Power Chapel

Kröger 2005: Visiting a Meeting of Akawuruk and Her Adherents

Kröger 2005: The Muslim Communities of Sandema

Kroger 2005: The Muslim Communities of Wiaga

Schott, Rüdiger 1978: Mission und Entwicklung in Afrika – Beispiel der Bulsa

9. Buli Language History, Wordlists and Comparisons

Clarke, John, 1972: Specimens of Dialects 1848-1849. Short Vocabularies

Koelle, S.W. 1854: Polyglotta Africana

Rattray 1932: Tribes of the Ashanti Hinterland; chapters I-IV on languages

Rodriques 1935: Os Africanos no Brasil, Buli word-list

Zwernemann 1968: Ein “Gurunsi”-Vokabular aus Bahia, see also Rodriques 1935

10. Individual Villages or Compounds

Akapata, Isaac 2009: Biuk – A Village with Bulsa Traditions

Ayaric, Ghanatta 2012: Chieftaincy in Gbedema

Hughes 1948: Vare. A Study in Rural Decay.

Kroger 2001: History of Clan Sections and Compounds (Yongsa and Badomsa)

Kröger 1982: Ancestor Worship among the Bulsa (history of Asik Yeri)

Kröger 2011: Sandema Street Names

Kröger 2017: Street Names in Fumbisi

11. Others

Kröger 2001: Die historische…Position der [Bulsa] Schmiede

Kröger 2015: Diary of Sir Shenton Thomas – Meyer Fortes in Bulsaland (1934)

Kröger 2015: History of Bulsa Journals

Kröger 2017: Southern and Northern Bulsa. Co-operation and Competition

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